Operating systems manage computer hardware and provide the resources required for applications to function. Writing an operating system from scratch necessitates a solid understanding of computer science, a programming language such as C or C++, assembly, and code management techniques.

Take some introductory computer science classes. Unlike web development, constructing an operating system necessitates a thorough understanding of algorithms, data structures, computer hardware, and resource management. [1] People earn degrees in this field, so don't expect to write a full operating system after reading a tutorial online! Harvard's Intro to Computer Science course is free to take online through EDX.

Study a high-level programming language such as Python. Once you've mastered the fundamentals of computer science, the next stage is to learn C and/or C++. Understanding a language, like learning computer science, is not optional—you won't be able to develop an operating system if you can't write effective apps.

Learn to speak an assembly language. Assembly languages are low-level programming languages used to connect with various processors. Because assembly differs by processor type (for example, x86 assembly Language for Intel, AMD, VIA, and other processors), you'll need to master the version for the processor you're coding for.

This open-source book, if read in its entirety, will provide you with a solid foundation for developing an operating system.

The Art of Assembly Language is a highly regarded assembly book that is available both online and offline.

Finish an operating system tutorial. OS lessons will guide you through the creation of a basic operating system. This helps you become used to the procedure and determine if there are any missing elements. You'll be well on your way to designing your own operating system once you've completed a tutorial or two.

Bare Bones is a tutorial that will guide you through the creation of your first simple 32-bit kernel. Following completion of the training, the next stage is to structure your own operating system using Meaty Skeleton.

Linux from Scratch is an online book that guides you through the process of developing your own Linux operating system.

Operating systems from 0 to 1 is a free book that explains how to build multiple operating systems from scratch.

Determine your operating system objectives. What actions do you want your operating system to take? How should it appear? Is it really necessary to write a full operating system, or are you only trying to create a specific appearance for your desktop? All of these things should be considered before attempting to code. 

Consider working on a project with a group of other programmers. Having a team of developers working on the project will considerably reduce development time.

Add your project goals, plans, and questions to your public repository so that others can easily assist you.

Select an environment for development

This is the platform on which you will write your new operating system. It's a question of personal preference, although the majority of people use Windows or a variant of UNIX. If you're using Windows, you should install a UNIX environment such as Cygwin or MinGW. In general, you'll want to ensure that any environment you're using includes the following:

GCC (the Gnu compiler) (the Gnu compiler). If you're using Windows, you can use Cygwin or MinGW to install it.

Binutils is a set of utilities for working with object files. Again, if you're on Windows, you can use Cygwin to install it.